The nervous system lacks the ability to regenerate nerve cells and is therefore particularly vulnerable to injury. Following brain injury or infection which of the following facilitates scar formation, thereby helping to contain inflammation and control tissue damage, thereby preserving the function of neuronal networks?
A 26-year-old African American female presents with a painless lesion on her left ear lobe. You notice multiple ear and nose piercings and a tattoo covering the ear and left shoulder. The lesional growth measures 1cm in diameter and seems to be beyond the boundaries of the original piercing area. She also recalls trying some […]
Arrange the following events in the sequence of occurrence during repair by scar formation? 1. Accumulation of acute inflammatory cells 2. Connective tissue reorganization and scar formation 3. Proliferation and migration of fibroblasts 4. Formation of a fibrin clot 5. Macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of cellular debris
As part of the response to inflammatory stimuli, levels of plasma proteins including C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and serum amyloid A (SAA) protein may increase several hundredfolds. Together, these markers belong to which of the following families of proteins?
A 22-year-old female presents to your clinic with a 2-week history of fever and multiple joint pains. She has an erythematous, facial rash that flares up when she is out in direct sunlight. Corticosteroids are prescribed for the patient with an aim to reduce inflammatory responses. Which of the following enzymes is the prime target […]
Recombinant biotechnology has allowed tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to be manufactured in the lab. It is classified as a serine protease which is one of the essential components for the dissolution of blood clots. In vivo which of the following cells is the main source of plasma tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA)?
A 20-year-old woman develops a red, hot and swollen right elbow joint after trauma while working out in the gym. Fluid aspirated from the joint space shows an abundance of inflammatory cells which are mostly neutrophils. Which of the following molecules stimulates these neutrophils to migrate through interendothelial gaps in the blood vessels at the […]
A 65-year-old male presents with shortness of breath. He has a history of myocardial infarction a few years ago. The x-ray shows a pleural fluid and is aspirated for examination. The results are positive for a non-inflammatory low protein fluid. Which of the following terms describes this patient’s pleural fluid?
A 40-year-old African American female presents to the clinic complaining of cough and fever. Her chest x-ray shows bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and increased angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) levels. The lymph node biopsy shows granulomas with numerous epithelioid cells and a few multinucleated giant cells. These multinucleated cells are derived from which of the following inflammatory cells?
During the healing of a clean, uninfected surgical incision approximated by surgical sutures, which of the following factors determines healing by first or second intention?
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